Irish Immigrants in Boston Essay - 2765 Words

Irish Immigrants in Boston The life of Irish immigrants in Boston was one of poverty and discrimination. The religiously centered culture of the Irish has along with their importance on family has allowed the Irish to prosper and persevere through times of injustice. Bostons Irish immigrant population amounted to a tenth of its population. Many after arriving could not find suitable jobs and ended up living where earlier generations had resided. This attributed to the invisibility of the Irish. Much of the very early migration had been heavily male, but during the famine years, migration was largely a family affair. Families were arriving serially in ?chain? migration while others suffered high mortality rates in these years.†¦show more content†¦One leading Irish-American politician, John Mitchel, wrote in his newspaper, The Citizen in 1856: He would be a bad Irishman who voted for principles which jeopardized the present freedom of a nation of white men, for the vague forlorn hope of elevating blacks to a level for which it is at least problematical whether God and nature ever intended them. So the Irish tended to be in favor of slavery and against abolition. This was just another reason why many of the people around them did not get along with them, this in turn probably making their lives harder and less enjoyable. However, at the outbreak of the Civil War an estimated 170,000 men born in Ireland joined the Union Army, but only about 40,000 were in the Confederate Army. This occurred because the issue for the Irish was not so much slavery as it was preserving the Union. The church in Boston agreed with Archbishop Hughes that ?It is one country and shall be one?. After the Civil War, attitudes toward the Irish shifted slightly, and the Irish Need Not Apply signs on businesses, that had been so common decades before, began to disappear. The Irish had heavily participated in the war: thirty nine Union regiments contained a majority of Irishmen, and the 69th regiment was comprised almost totally of Irishmen. The Irish Americans gained some respect for their involvement in the Civil War and were now more accepted by American society. The Irish Americans in the post-Civil War time period wereShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Plight of Immigrants to Boston894 Words   |  4 PagesThe Plight of Immigrants to Boston Since its conception in the early 1600s, Boston, the so-called City on a Hill, has opened its doors to all people of all ethnic and religious background. 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Caroles Journey Through the Health Care System after a...

Carole Lauren is a 44 year old mother of two, a wife, and a school teacher by profession. Her story began 21 months ago when she had a cerebrovascular accident that left her hemiplegic. Almost two years passed since the event. Carole regained most of the lost function in her left leg, ankle, and foot. However, she still has limited function in her left arm and hand. She also has difficulty organizing her thoughts and read her message from a paper. Her story is about a journey through the health care system. Since the stroke, Carole has received care from multiple healthcare providers - some were better than others and she met many great people, but her overall care experience â€Å"could have been much better in many different ways†.†¦show more content†¦Working in an environment where sickness and death are always around the corner can make a lot of people numb. Simple human emotions - anger, envy, competitiveness - get into play every day regardless of one’s education or position. Some can put them aside and some cannot. Was this patient just that unfortunate? Perhaps. Perhaps her therapists were not funded to talk to each other but could they have talked anyways? Yes, but they chose not to. And to me, that is against the medical ethical principles because it compromises patient care. This was just one of the examples. What about the primary care physician who doesn’t get to see patient’s chart and doesn’t know what to do with the patient after the discharge. I hope she learnt from Carol’s experience. I was glad to learn that Carol educated herself and was able to become her own â€Å"care coordinator†. What if she didn’t? She could have been left hemiplegic for life. She would have become a burden on her family and on the healthcare system. I realize that my take on this story is bitter, and it is mostly because I hear the same story over and over again. Even I, myself, had a similar experience and felt I was just a chart number. Sure, most care providers were competent but there was no team work. Everyone was great on their own but uncoordinated and uncooperative. I understand that long hours and understaffing issues are a common problem, but the relationship between the

The Integrated Marketing Communication- Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Integrated Marketing Communication. Answer: Introduction Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is an organizational form of communication that integrates various communications within an organization in an organized manner. Integrated marketing communication normally link marketing communications within the organization so as to market the products and services that the organization specializes in. IMC may link communication channels such as vertical, horizontal, external and internal integration. Vertical integration focuses on the marketing communication that supports higher organizational culture in marketing (MMC Learning, 2015). Horizontal integration concerns with integrating marketing mix that the company or organization uses to communicate its products or services. Internal integration informs the staffs of the advertisement campaign that the organization is making. Woolworths is one of the largest retailers in Australia by wealth and therefore an important organization. Woolworth as an organization has good communication system that employs some aspect of integrated marketing communication. Woolworths Limited has partly invested in integrated marketing communication with the current uses online advertisement campaigns (Welcome to Woolworths, 2017 ?https://www.woolworths.com.au/ ?). Woolworths Limited as an organization also has good investment in social media such as YouTube (Woolworth-YouTube- ?https://www.youtube.com/user/WoolworthsAu ?). The organization has various integrated communication systems that aim to market its product forming advertisement campaigns (Newman Ober, 2013). The following paper explores IMC as a current business model used for communication in an organization. Importance of learning integrated marketing communication Integrated marketing communication is an important aspect of business communication and assists the business to communicate its products or services to the audience who are the potential buyers or customers. Understanding IMC is important for the business in current society for a number of reasons (Chaffey, 2006). Firstly, IMC is important for an organization that is willing to understand their stakeholders who are the customers. This is possible due to the comprehensive nature of the IMC enabling the organization to understand basic communication process. Secondly, IMC has proved to be the sustainable marketing strategy that seems promising since it integrates various aspects of communications. The sustainability nature of the organizations marketing communication link customers to the organization especially through product promotion. Thirdly, understanding IMC enable the organization to design a good marketing strategy for the business that will serve a well-defined market segment (Kitchen Burgmann, 2015). In order to understand IMC at the organizational level, it is important to study the marketing communication used by an organization such as Woolworths Limited (Nagra et al, 2012). Theoretical communication model outlined by Belch et al (2014) Belch et al (2014), explains the basis of integrated marketing communication giving various components of the communication that include sender, message, channel, receiver and response or feedback. In addition, basic model also gives other important concepts of noise and decoding of message. According to the basic communication model, IMC is a communication tool that is used to link various aspects of organization marketing systems have been changed to include other forms of communication systems such as social media and are taking over communication of organizations. IMC currently uses advertisement channels that are the link or associated with social media. Marketing campaigns are currently done online as the organizations tries to attract vast number of online uses. Woolworths Limited for instance, heavily invests in social media as the new form of IMC that it uses to advertise its products (Welcome to Woolworths 2017). Belch et al (2014) further indicate that current model of com munications assists many users to obtain information on the product or service hence faster information. The theoretical communication model as explained by the author emphasizes on advertisement as a business communication from the IMC perspective. The IMC perspective considers the integration of other current communication and their ability reach the current vast number of online users. Woolworths Limited as an organization concentrates its advertisement campaign to YouTube for example. This form of communication limitedly integrates both internal and external integrations that are key aspect of IMC. Some other communication channels that have been emphasized are mobile platforms and the internet (Sheehan, 2013). Woolworths Limited approach to IMC Woolworths Limited is a premium organization that has vast marketing communication coupled with online marketing campaigns (Maguire, 2017). The two main strategies that the organization uses are online advertisement campaign and direct marketing with more focuses celebrity advertisement. Firstly, Woolworths Limited organization combines the various aspect of marketing mix a good advertisement mix. As revealed within the organizations main website the organization highlight nearly all the marketing mix (Bhatia, 2000). The advertisement that characterizes its website is a large poster of welcome to Woolworth. The organization has other strategies that consider other security within the online platform as noise. There various applications that assists in advertisement as the decoding devices. Secondly, the organization has closely link external integration through external partners such as media houses and farmers who are key stakeholders as part of direct marketing campaigns. This is a lso evident through the print media that are readily available for download at its main website. It is quite and evident that though the organization has tried to implement marketing communication that is related to IMC there still a lot to done in order to fully implement IMC model (Welcome to Woolworths, 2017). Social media on the other hand, the organization has its YouTube where it has display of various services it sells (https://www.youtube.com/user/WoolworthsAu ) IMC and communication model A good communication strategy incorporates communication model and IMC so as to achieve organizational objectives. Woolworth has recently adopted IMC though there is still a lot to be done. Woolworth uses both Basic Model of communication model and Duncans model IMC for its marketing especially using celebrity and social networks in its marketing campaigns. Firstly, communication model that the organization uses according to Saunders (2014) follows the communication process that begins advertisement of various products that the organization deals in with the main focus on grocery and petrol discounts. For instance, after advertising liquors that are sold within Woolworths Limited, sales will show the response of the customers to the advertisement. Secondly, the organization has also concentrated on product promotion giving discount to customer with an example of IMC on the other hand, make good use of different aspects customer oriented model of IMC. However, some of the key aspects of basic model of communication model Belch et al are online campaign, sale promotion delivered through social media. Integration of communication model and IMC involve following communication process with the addition of integrated marketing communication through various advertisement mix. To apply IMC using current forms of communications can be explained as using online platforms in harmonized manners through linking different forms of advertisement (Lucia, Garcia Kitchen, 2012). Adopting IMC within an organization involves applications of advertisement campaign, direct marketing, marketing mix, public relationship and social media. Firstly, advertisement mix is using various advertisement methods that the organization uses to advertise its products. Secondly, public relation is another aspect of this marketing strategy that includes engaging the public activities of the company. Thirdly, marketing mix consists of the 4Ps of marketing that can be expanded to 7Ps. These 4Ps are a promotion, price, place, and product and play a significant role in the marketing of products. Fourthly, social media is used for online marketing campaigns that aim at attracting more online users to buy the product. Finally, direct marketing is also another marketing strategy that is incorporated inside IMC for a better result. Incorporation of these marketing aspects or advertisement strategies in an organized manner result into product advertisement with integrated marketing commu nication strategy (Clow Baack, 2002). The message that is sent should be designed in a manner that is transmissible for example the organization can design advertisement as the message. The basic IMC model of communication emphasizes the importance of understanding the audience before designing message. This is because a good communication strategy should have message spiced with a picture that is appealing to the audience enabling specific campaign strategy. Therefore, the message needs to be very communicative to users. The organization has on the designing of its adverts can be termed as attractive since its poster are catchy. The message also bears the nature of the sender since the sender communicates its thought to the audience (Kitchen Burgmann, 2015). Duncans model of IMC has highlighted the basis of designing customer-oriented campaigns. The organization to some extend uses personal for instance, selling includes direct selling to customers while non-personal selling consists of print media, online social media , and broadcast media. According to Arens Michael, (2012), the current channel that needs to be used in IMC is mainly social media and other online platforms such as websites. The target audience when using social media as channel depends on the media itself since through social media the organization can communicate to a single user or mass (Habibi et al, 2016). The analysis of the receiver reveals the market segmentation that is important for the marketing campaign. Woolworths Limited target individual, market or masses as its audience with its main target based on mass and this is evidence by its main focus on online campaigns. The receiver can be segmented into marketing zones mainly from an individual to mass at the highest level of communication. Knowing receiver determines whether the message is relevant or not since the message that is delivered to the receiver not intended is most likely to attract negative feedback. The ability of the receiver to understand and interpret the message send plays an important role in the communication process (Chandra Ulrich, 2014). Woolworth on the receiver, the organization understands the receiver though it has not linked the receiver to specific product. Feedback is the critical aspect of the communication process and can take many forms that include brand touch points. A brand touch point is impo rtant when the customer comes into contact with the organization product and is used to plan for advertisement or feedback from advertisement. The organization though has good advertisement campaign methods, the brand touch point are not established. Response or feedback process follows various processes such as AIDA (Attention, interest, desire, and action) or hierarchy of effect model. The beauty of IMC is that it gives different integrations of communication hierarchies that can assist the organization to analyze the response from a different perspective. The organization on the other hand has not shown response process that confers with any model. For instance, a model of cognitive response give the relationship between cognitive responses, an attitude developed and purchase intent (Moriarty Nancy, 2014). Conclusion In conclusion, integrated marketing communication is marketing communication that consists of the integration of various business communication aspects such as communication process and advertisement mix. Woolworths Limited is a renowned organization in Australia that rank second largest organization by wealth. The company has marketing strategy though not effective and therefore need some changes. The IMC has proved effective and therefore a recommended communication channel is mainly consisting of IMC. After a deeper analysis of the IMC used in the organization, it is worth giving recommendations for improvement, Recommendations Woolworths Limited should adopt IMC as the main strategy for advertisement or product campaigns. Though the organization has used some marketing strategies such as marketing mix, online advertisement, public relationship and direct marketing, one problem with the marketing strategy used in the organization is that all the advertisement campaign methods are not linked therefore tracking feedback from the marketing communication used (Koc, 2002). Therefore, the organization needs to link all the advertisement campaign methods to form integrated marketing communication model and establish brand touch points. Woolworths Limited needs to launch online campaign since most people within Australia are currently online users with more than 15 million Australians currently using social media. Furthermore, though the company has a well rated website there is still need for integration with social media applications as this is currently trending form of business communication. The organizations IMC system has not properly used the brand touch points since there are no clearly established touch points in its online advertisement campaigns. As noted by Belch et al (2014), IMC is one of the best advertisement practices that can be attributed to the success of some prominent business such as case of Coke Zero in the Coca Cola campaign (Laird, 2001). The organization needs to embark on advertising campaign its products and services through different channels as explained in the communication channel. Secondly, the organization needs to develop a fully integrated marketing communication system with all basic components of the communication. This can be done using its social media pages such as ? https://www.youtube.com/user/WoolworthsAu ?. Finally, the organization can market directly to consumers (Luxton, Reid Mavondo, 2015). Currently, the contemporary needs of the consumers mostly are to reach them wherever they are. In addition, the contemporary consumer wants products or s ervice that reaches them at their own convenient time. He implies that a good communication mix should also cater for customers that use various mobile applications since contemporary consumer like using portable mobile devices to facilitate a good marketing campaign. Reference Arens, W. Michael, W. (2012), Contemporary Advertising: An Integrated Marketing Communications Belch, G.E., (2014), Advertising: An integrated marketing communication perspective. McGraw Hill. p 31. Bhatia (2000), Advertising in Rural India: Language, Marketing Communication, and Consumerism, 62+68 Chandra, A. Ulrich K. (2014), Targeted advertising in magazine markets and the advent of the internet. Management Science 60.7 pp: 18291843. Chaffey, D. (2006), Internet marketing strategy, implementation, and practice. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. p.50. Clow, K.E. Baack, D.E. (2002), Integrated Advertising, Promotion, and Marketing Communications. Prentice Hall. p.108. Habibi, F. H., et al, (2016), Exploring the integration of social media within integrated marketing communication frameworks: Perspectives of services marketers. Journal of Marketing Practice, 34 (1), 19-40 Kitchen, P., Burgmann, I. (2015), Integrated marketing communications: Making it work at a strategic level. Journal of Business Strategy, 36: 3439. Koc, E. (2002), Impact of gender in marketing communications: the role of cognitive and affective cues. Journal of Marketing Communications, 8 (4): 257. Laird, P. W. (2001), Advertising progress: American business and the rise of consumer marketing (Johns Hopkins University Press,.) Luxton, S., Reid, M., Mavondo, F. (2015), Integrated marketing communication capability and brand performance: IMC capability and performance. Journal of Advertising, 44, 37-46. Lucia, P., Barrio-Garcia, S., Kitchen, P. J. (2012), How Integrated Marketing Communications works? A theoretical review and analysis of its main drivers and effects. Journal of Marketing Communications, 25 (1), 313-348. Moriarty, S. Nancy, M. (2014), Advertising IMC: Principles and Practice (10th ed.) MMC Learning (2015), Marketing Knowledge Centre: Integrated Marketing Communication. Accessible at: https://multimediamarketing.com/mkc/marketingcommunications/ Maguire, J. (2017), Woolworths hits back against exploitation claims.HR Online. Available at: https://www.hcamag.com/hr-news/woolworths-hits-back-against-exploitation-claims-216760.aspx [Accessed on 25 Aug 2017] Nagra, G. K., et al, (2012), Impact of Integrated Marketing Communication on different customer segments, effects on consumer decision making process. International Journal of Applied Services Marketing Perspectives, 1 (1), 56-61. Newman, A. Ober, S. (2013), Business Communication: In Person, In Print, Online. 8th ed. Mason: South-Western, 18. Print. Saunders, T. J. (2014), Selling under the Swastika: Advertising and Commercial Culture in Nazi Germany. German History: ghu058. Sheehan, K.B. (2013), Controversies in contemporary advertising (Sage Publications,) Welcome to Woolworths. (2017), Woolworths.com.au. Available at: https://www.woolworths.com.au/ [Accessed on 25 Aug 2017]

Shakespeares Sonnet 116 and Donnes A Valediction Forbidding Mourning Essay Example

Shakespeares Sonnet 116 and Donnes A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning Paper Love is a common theme in many poems written by 17th century authors. Shakespeares Sonnet 116 and Donnes A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning both speak of the highest form of love; eternal true love. Their use of figurative language and rhythm schemes helps to convey to the reader that such a love exists. However, while both believe and speak passionately about true love, only the speaker in Donnes poem has experienced it, and therefore offers the reader hope for true and pure love. A summarization of both poems should help the reader understand this important difference. In laying forth their arguments for the existence of eternal true love, the authors share two main similarities; the structure of their poems and its message. The rhyme scheme in Shakespeares Sonnet 116 consists of the use of several end-rhymes and eye-rhymes in alternating lines. In lines 1, 3 and 5, 7 we find examples of end-rhymes minds finds, and mark bark. In lines 2, 4 and 13, 14 we find the use of eye-rhymes love remove and proved loved. Donne also utilizes end-rhymes and eye-rhymes in alternating lines throughout his poem. Lines 1 and 3 away and say, and in lines 6 and 8 move and love. The use of these devices helps to establish the flow of the poem. We find in both poems several examples of alliteration and assonance. In Sonnet 116 the speaker uses alliteration when saying Let me not to the marriage of true minds. In line 7 the speaker uses assonance and says It is the star to every wandering bark. Likewise in A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning the speaker uses both alliteration and assonances to establish the desired sound of the poem. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares Sonnet 116 and Donnes A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares Sonnet 116 and Donnes A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares Sonnet 116 and Donnes A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In line 26 the speaker uses alliteration when saying As stiff twin compasses are two, and assonance in the last line of the poem, And makes me end where I begun. In Sonnet 116, the structure of the poem contains various figures of speech which help to establish the desired imagery. In line 5 the speaker says, It is an ever fixed mark that looks on tempests and is never shaken, and in line 7 It is the star to every wandering bark. The speaker is saying that no barrier nor obstacle can deny nor weaken true love. True love will outlast anything in its path. The use of metaphors allows the speaker to speak about feelings and experiences which there are no easy words to describe. As in Sonnet 116, the speaker in A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning also uses metaphors by comparing his love for his lover to a circle a compass makes, confirming that circles never end, so their love also never ends, Thy firmness makes my circle just, / And makes me end where I begun. This gives the reader hope and confirms that no matter how great the time and distance between, true love will survive. To further develop their desired imagery, both poems utilize implied metaphors. In Sonnet 116 the speaker says, Loves not times fool, though rosy lips an cheeks within his bending sickles compass come and bears it out even to the edge of doom. He is saying that true love is beyond physical beauty, and time and aging can not dissolve it, true love lives unaffected for eternity. The speaker in A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning furthers this point by describing gold being beaten and hammered until it is fragile and thin, but still has the same value it did before it was stretched, Like gold to aery thinness beat. The figure of speech in both sonnets is what creates the imagery and mood of the sonnets. Without these figures of speech we would not appreciate the image the sonnets are trying to portray. Unlike in A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning Sonnet 116 utilizes repetition, to where we get a consistent sound. For example the same words are written over and over again like love is love, alters when it alteration finds, and remover to remove. This gives us a steady tone throughout the sonnet. The mood all the way through the sonnet is consistent. It starts as a passionate sonnet and continues to be to the end. Where as in A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning there is a greater range of emotions. The poem starts out on a depressing tone, a comparison between the separations of the soul from a dieing man with the separation of two lovers. We find faith and reinsurance that their love is strong and will survive, they will still be close, even though they are not next to each other- their love will stretch across the miles, and it will not lose value. The poem now has a loving and passionate tone to it. It ends with the image of a circle, the symbol of perfection, representing the union of souls in a love relationship. This perfection is accomplished by parting at the beginning of the circle and reuniting at the point where the curves reconnect. Thy firmness makes my circle just, and makes me end where I begun. As we have seen both poems establish common ground on the nature of true love. They tell us though the use of figurative language what true love is; a love thats beyond the physical, a timeless union that will always stay constant in the heart of even a lost soul. They also tell the reader what isnt; it does not admit impediments, it is not susceptible to time and knows no distance. However, while both speak passionately about true love, what differentiates the two is the fact that the speaker in Donnes poem has experienced true love. For him it is not merely an idea, nor a theory. He believes in it because he possesses it, which may explain the varying emotions brought out by the poem. The speaker in Shakespeares poem lacks this experience; he has never been exposed to the union of true minds and therefore speaks only about what he believes to be true and not what knows to be true. Donne offers hope for true and pure love; as someone who has found a life partner who shares his values.

San Lorenzo - Olmec Civilization in Veracruz

San Lorenzo - Olmec Civilization in Veracruz San Lorenzo is an Olmec period site located in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. San Lorenzo is the name of the central place in the larger San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan archaeological region. It is located on a steep plateau above the Coatzacoalcos floodplain. The site was first settled in the second millennium BC and had its heyday between 1200-900 BC. Temples, plazas, roadways and kingly residences are included in an area of about a half acre, where about 1,000 people resided. Chronology Ojochi phase (1800-1600 BC)Bajio phase (1600-1500 BC)Chicharras (1500-1400 BC)San Lorenzo A (1400-1200 BC)San Lorenzo B (1000-1200 BC) Architecture at San Lorenzo Ten colossal stone heads representing heads of past and present rulers have been found at San Lorenzo. Evidence suggests that these heads were plastered and painted in bright colors. They were arranged in ensembles and set in a plaza paved with red sand and yellow gravel. Sarcophagus-shaped thrones linked living kings with their ancestors. A royal processional aligned to the north-south axis of the plateau led the way to the center. At the center of the site are two palaces: the San Lorenzo Red Palace and the Stirling Acropolis. The Red Palace was a royal residence with a platform substructure, red floors, basalt roof support, steps and drain. The Stirling Acropolis may have been the sacred residence, and is surrounded by a pyramid, E-group and a ballcourt. Chocolate at San Lorenzo Recent analysis of 156 potsherds were collected from stratified deposits at San Lorenzo, and reported in an article in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in May of 2011. Residues of the pottery were collected and analyzed at the University of California, Davis Department of Nutrition. Of the 156 potsherds examined, 17% contained conclusive evidence of theobromine, the active incredient in chocolate. Vessel types exhibiting multiple occurrences of theobromine included open bowls, cups and bottles; the vessels date throughout the chronology at San Lorenzo. This represents the earliest evidence of chocolate use. Read more about the history of chocolate Excavators of San Lorenzo include Matthew Stirling, Michael Coe and Ann Cyphers Guillen. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com Guide to the Olmec Civilization, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. Blomster JP, Neff H, and Glascock MD. 2005. Olmec Pottery Production and Export in Ancient Mexico Determined Through Elemental Analysis. Science 307:1068-1072. Cyphers A. 1999. From Stone to Symbols: Olmec Art in Social Context at San Lorenzo Tenochtitln. In: Grove DC, and Joyce RA, editors. Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks. p 155-181. Neff H, Blomster J, Glascock MD, Bishop RL, Blackman MJ, Coe MD, Cowgill GL, Diehl RA, Houston S, Joyce AA et al. 2006. Methodological Issues In The Provenance Investigation Of Early Formative Mesoamerican Ceramics. Latin American Antiquity 17(1):54-57. Neff H, Blomster J, Glascock MD, Bishop RL, Blackman MJ, Coe MD, Cowgill GLC, Ann, Diehl RA, Houston S, Joyce AA et al. 2006. Smokescreens in the Provenance Investigation of Early Formative Mesoamerican Ceramics. Latin American Antiquity 17(1):104-118. Pohl MD, and von Nagy C. 2008. The Olmec and their contemporaries. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 217-230. Pool CA, Ceballos PO, del Carmen Rodrà ­guez Martà ­nez M, and Loughlin ML. 2010. The early horizon at Tres Zapotes: implications for Olmec interaction. Ancient Mesoamerica 21(01):95-105. Powis TG, Cyphers A, Gaikwad NW, Grivetti L, and Cheong K. 2011. Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(21):8595-8600. Wendt CJ, and Cyphers A. 2008. How the Olmec used bitumen in ancient Mesoamerica. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27(2):175-191.

7 Strange But (Probably) True Jobs of the Future

7 Strange But (Probably) True Jobs of the Future The career landscape changes with the times. Just as jobs making buggy whips and horse carriages eventually gave way to jobs in the automobile industry, time keeps ticking forward,with some interesting and unusual new jobs predicted for the future. In the world of supply and demand, finding a new job niche is limited only by imagination, so it will be fun to see what the future brings. Food EngineeringAs the world population continues to increase and people need food sources,  engineers will be needed to create appealing bio-meat products and cross-bred plants that  produce more crops that are sturdier and are more resistant to pests. In addition to engineers, other jobs may become available in this industry: think  drone operators to monitor large swaths of planted production areas and agriculturists for urban areas to grow food for local consumption.Virtual Tour FilmographerVirtual tours are already around- all you have to do is go online to take a tour of the Louvre in Paris or the Smithsonian’s Natural History Museum. This business opportunity is growing as people film everything from extreme sports to  visits to natural wonders and museums. This type of job will expand in the future as photographers spread out around the globe to film the more and more exciting adventures that you can enjoy vicariously from the comfort of your own home.Crowdfunding OrganizerThe process of crowdfunding, usually accomplished by using social media, is a way for a company to gather start-up funds for a new business or project idea or for a charity to get donations or to kickstart an educational project. Because crowdfunding usually has a time limit to gather donations, a crowdfunding organizer’s job is to maximize donations during that period by offering promotional advice.Privacy SpecialistIn this age of technology, privacy has become harder to maintain,  and safeguarding your own  privacy is a real concern. A  privacy specialist ensures that a cli ent is using the most up-to-date methods to ensure security of digital information such as credit cards and personal identification from theft.Corporate Reorganizer/DisorganizerThis strange sounding job title is for an individual who works as a reorganizer for businesses that haven’t kept up with the times and appear old-fashioned and lackluster. A  corporate disorganizer upgrades systems and finds new processes that bring the company up-to-date and streamline its functions, bringing it into a new era.Architectural 3D SpecialistThe architectural 3D specialist will be a busy individual in the future. As 3D technology increases, printable houses can add a new dimension to building. Construction of a house can be accomplished in a day, a possibility that  may be used to clear and rebuild in blighted areas or construct new developments in a short time.Custom Organ DesignerNo, this organ isn’t the same kind you might see in an old horror movie. This type of job designs customized organs for people  who need body part replacements. As scientists study ways to reproduce organs by using living cells, organ replacement is closer to reality than you might think.New jobs are always being invented, and the future may bring some surprises and opportunities.

Starbucks Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Starbucks Research Paper - Essay Example (Chris, 2006, 84) ThÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt Ð °Ã'€Ã'€rÐ ¾Ã °chÐ µs tÐ ¾ Ð ¾rgÐ °nizÐ °tiÐ ¾nÐ °l bÐ µhÐ °viÐ ¾r, which is bÐ µst fÐ ¾r Ð °ll Ð ¾rgÐ °nizÐ °tiÐ ¾ns; instÐ µÃ °d, cÐ ¾mÃ'€Ð °niÐ µs must Ð µvÐ ¾lvÐ µ thÐ µ systÐ µm, which wÐ ¾rks bÐ µst fÐ ¾r thÐ µm with thÐ µ hÐ µlÃ'€ Ð ¾f Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ Ã'€lÐ °nning, Ð °nd tÐ µchnÐ ¾lÐ ¾gicÐ °l suÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾rt, which chÐ °ngÐ µs Ð ¾vÐ µr timÐ µ Ð °s thÐ µir Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µnt Ð °nd thÐ µ individuÐ °ls within thÐ °t Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µnt chÐ °ngÐ µ. OrgÐ °nizÐ °tiÐ ¾nÐ °l bÐ µhÐ °viÐ ¾r dÐ µÃ °ls with thÐ µ tÐ ¾Ã'€ mÐ °n tÐ ¾ thÐ µ bÐ ¾ttÐ ¾m mÐ °n, Ð µvÐ µryÐ ¾nÐ µ nÐ µÃ µds tÐ ¾ bÐ µ invÐ ¾lvÐ µd Ð °nd knÐ ¾w thÐ µ right Ð °ctiÐ ¾ns Ð °nd Ð °ttitudÐ µs fÐ ¾r Ð °n Ð ¾rgÐ °nizÐ °tiÐ ¾n tÐ ¾ sky rÐ ¾ckÐ µt Ð °nd Ð µxcÐ µl in thÐ µ futurÐ µ StÐ °rbucks CÐ ¾rÃ'€Ð ¾rÐ °tiÐ ¾n is thÐ µ wÐ ¾rlds numbÐ µr Ð ¾nÐ µ sÃ'€Ð µciÐ °lty cÐ ¾ffÐ µÃ µ rÐ µtÐ °ilÐ µr. It Ð ¾Ã'€Ð µrÐ °tÐ µs mÐ ¾rÐ µ thÐ °n 8,700 cÐ ¾ffÐ µÃ µ shÐ ¾Ã'€s in mÐ ¾rÐ µ thÐ °n 30 cÐ ¾untriÐ µs. ThÐ µ cÐ ¾mÃ'€Ð °ny is cÐ ¾mmittÐ µd tÐ ¾ Ð ¾ffÐ µring thÐ µ highÐ µst quÐ °lity cÐ ¾ffÐ µÃ µ Ð °nd "ThÐ µ StÐ °rbucks ExÃ'€Ð µriÐ µncÐ µ" whilÐ µ cÐ ¾nducting its businÐ µss in wÐ °ys thÐ °t Ã'€rÐ ¾ducÐ µ sÐ ¾ciÐ °l, Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l Ð °nd Ð µcÐ ¾nÐ ¾mic bÐ µnÐ µfits fÐ ¾r cÐ ¾mmunitiÐ µs in which it dÐ ¾Ã µs businÐ µss. (Chris, 2006, 84) "StÐ °rbucks Ã'€urchÐ °sÐ µs Ð °nd rÐ ¾Ã °sts high-quÐ °lity whÐ ¾lÐ µ bÐ µÃ °n cÐ ¾ffÐ µÃ µs Ð °nd sÐ µlls thÐ µm Ð °lÐ ¾ng with frÐ µsh, rich-brÐ µwÐ µd, ItÐ °liÐ °n stylÐ µ Ð µsÃ'€rÐ µssÐ ¾ bÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µs, Ð ° vÐ °riÐ µty Ð ¾f Ã'€Ð °striÐ µs Ð °nd cÐ ¾nfÐ µctiÐ ¾ns, Ð °nd cÐ ¾ffÐ µ Ð µ-rÐ µlÐ °tÐ µd Ð °ccÐ µssÐ ¾riÐ µs Ð °nd Ð µquiÃ'€mÐ µnt -- Ã'€rimÐ °rily thrÐ ¾ugh its cÐ ¾mÃ'€Ð °ny-Ð ¾Ã'€Ð µrÐ °tÐ µd rÐ µtÐ °il stÐ ¾rÐ µs." (HÐ °mbrick, 2007, 20) StÐ °rbucks CÐ ¾rÃ'€Ð ¾rÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ã'€urchÐ °sÐ µs Ð °nd rÐ ¾Ã °sts whÐ ¾lÐ µ bÐ µÃ °n cÐ ¾ffÐ µÃ µs Ð °nd sÐ µlls thÐ µm Ð °lÐ ¾ng with brÐ µwÐ µd cÐ ¾ffÐ µÃ µs, ItÐ °liÐ °n-stylÐ µ Ð µsÃ'€rÐ µssÐ ¾ bÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µs, cÐ ¾ld-blÐ µndÐ µd bÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µs, Ð ° vÐ °riÐ µty Ð ¾f fÐ ¾Ã ¾d itÐ µms, Ð ° sÐ µlÐ µctiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f tÐ µÃ °s Ð °nd Ð µvÐ µn Ð ° linÐ µ Ð ¾f cÐ ¾mÃ'€Ð °ct discs. "ThÐ µ Ð ¾riginÐ °l StÐ °rbucks, fÐ ¾undÐ µd in 1971, wÐ °s Ð ° cÐ ¾mÃ'€Ð °ny Ã'€Ð °ssiÐ ¾nÐ °tÐ µly cÐ ¾mmittÐ µd tÐ ¾ wÐ ¾rld-clÐ °ss cÐ ¾ffÐ µÃ µ Ð °nd

The Use of Arched and Vaulted Forms in Architecture Essay

The Use of Arched and Vaulted Forms in Architecture - Essay Example It could be established that Macedonian military authority was current at every of the locations where the untimely instances of arched building occur. It is projected that military engineers of Macedonia were influential in initiating the factual arch into the architecture of the Greek, and in addition that these experts studied of this structural outline in Mesopotamia. In Mesopotamia, vault and arch had been acknowledged for no less than two earlier millennia, all through and after the crusades of Alexander the Great. The arch Structural particulars and its connected structure, the barrel-vault, are scrutinized in the acknowledgement of existing monuments and ruins, as are the options in arrangement from the plain true arch. Mutually structural and ornamental appliances of the arch and the vault are reviewed, and attention is compensated as well to the growth by Greek constructors of more complicated forms for instance groin-vaulting. The Vault Types of Vaults A vault is associate d to an arch because a vault is characterized as an arched stonework structure that creates a ceiling or crown. The Romans employed three fundamental kinds of vaults: Tunnel Vault Cross Vault Cloister Vault A barrel vault is shaped similar to half a cylinder. From this insinuation, they made the groined vault. A groined vault is considered a two-barrel vault having the similar size and stature that they construct at right angles to every other more than a single square part. The barrel vaults logically interconnect in oblique curves located transversely athwart the square area. The curves are described groins. Given that the vaults finish at the square sides in semicircles, creating a huge arched gaps on all the planes of the square is probable, and the entire roof is then sustain merely on four docks located at the corners. The cloister is centered on the right angles connection of two-barrel vaults. As an option of putting an arch on every facade of the vault, they ascend to an el evated middle from a plane starting on every four facades to structure a square vault. This assortment of vaults was employed to construct things such as: Huge Rooms Tombs Drains Viaducts Houses of Bath The Composition of a Vault The vault is an extremely easy structure. It comprises of an arch at every end. An extended arched tunnel constructed of concrete links the arches. In the time of making the huge vaults, it was hard to make it at one go. Hence the vault is made in parts. Centerings or rather impermanent supports are employed to support the completed concrete in one part until the subsequent parts are finished. Buttresses were employed Connecting the arches is a long arched tunnel that made of concrete. When making the large vaults, it was difficult to construct it all at once. The engineers built a vault in sections. They employed centerings, or provisional supports, to hold up the completed concrete in one part until the additional sections were completed. Buttresses were employed to provide the grave concrete vaults additional sustenance. Engineers would place layers of tiles that are not light straight on the centerings. As soon as the tiles were completed, it provided the centerings additional support until the engineers laid the concluding concrete layer. In the event that the concrete dried and the laying of the tiles completed, the Roman engineers or rather architects

Motivation to Help Essay Example for Free

Motivation to Help Essay This paper discusses the social psychological perspective on helping. It tackles the factors that lead people to help other people and the theoretical basis on such actions. It also includes a reflection on the altruistic property in helping. Motivation to Help The murder of Kitty Genovese in 1964 as one of the most disturbing cases where almost 40 people were witnesses but none of them called the police in time to rescue her. This baffled social psychologists as to how this was possible. The result of their investigation was the formation of the concept of the Genovese Syndrome. This condition is theorized to exist on certain emergency situations where people encounter a diffusion of responsibility. This was because of the notion that there will be someone who will carry out the responsibility (Alex, 2008). On a personal account, an example of this behavior was observed in the sidewalk near a well-known shopping center. A lady, approximately aged 50 years was walking on the nearly crowded pavement when two men riding a motorcycle snatched her bag. It was not easily taken from her since she tried to defend herself and her belongings. The struggle made the two men shoot the lady until she was down on the sidewalk. The initial reaction of the people there was to run away from the scene. When the two men quickly left, the people slowly went towards the lady. Nobody helped until the lady screamed in pain. There are a number of factors that have resulted to the lack of responsiveness of the people on the victim. One of which is the bystander effect. Since there are more people in the area, the responsibility of helping the victim is divided among them. Each of these people had two choices of whether they should act or wait for someone to do it. Thus, the more people there are in the area means that people feel less obligated (â€Å"The Bystander Effect†, n. d. ). Also, the scream of the lady may have somehow alarmed the people around her, which may have motivated the some people to finally help her. Basically, there are five steps to helping or prosocial behavior. First of all, in order to help, there must be a realization that something is happening. It must also be interpreted as an emergency. The person who is to help must also feel the responsibility towards the situation. He must also know how he is going to help. Finally, the costs of helping are also assessed (Stocker, n. d. ). In this particular scenario, the five steps were evident. Although the initial reaction was to run because of the gun shot, people did realize that it was an emergency situation. However, because there were a lot of people, they did not have much responsibility for the situation because of the assumption that someone will act. When the lady screamed and the two men left, it was the time when someone helped, knowing that the costs are already low and it was no longer dangerous. There are many theories which explain why people are motivated to help. However, the most widely accepted theory on the subject is the theory of Victor Vroom, known as the expectancy theory. This simply states that people are motivated to help because they are expecting something in return such as a reward, or a good performance appraisal (Shah, n. d. ). Based on this theory, the act of helping may not be truly altruistic because of the tendency to expect for something in return. If the one helping does not want anything as a reward, it may be because of other outside factors such as his social image, religion, or the dictate of the society. Nevertheless, additional helped could have been offered in the situation, knowing the there were a lot of people in the situation. If all of them felt responsible for the incident, it is most likely that the crime would have been prevented. References Alex. (2008, February 13). The Genovese Syndrome: When Nobody Helps. Retrieved July 14, 2010, from Neatorama: http://www. neatorama. com/2008/02/13/the-genovese-syndrome-when-nobody-helps/ Shah, K. , Shah, P. (n. d. ). Theories of Motivation. Retrieved July 14, 2010, from Laynetworks: http://www. laynetworks. com/Theories-of-Motivation. html# Stocker, S. (n. d. ). Social Psychology. Retrieved July 14, 2010, from http://webcache. googleusercontent. com/search? q=cache:P4aNe4_DzhsJ:www. spsp. org/student/intro/ppt/myers15. ppt+five+steps+to+prosocial+behaviorcd=4hl=enct=clnkgl=ph The Bystander Effect. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 14, 2010, from Changing Minds: http://changingminds. org/explanations/theories/bystander_effect. htm

Joan Of Arc By Jules Basten Lepage Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Joan of Arc,† was painted by the French realist artist Jules Bastien-Lepage in 1879. â€Å"After the province of Lorraine was lost to Germany following the Franco-Prussian War in 1821, The Frenchmen saw in Joan of Arc a new and powerful symbol. In 1875, Bastien-Lepage, a native of Lorraine began to make studies for a picture of her. In the present painting, exhibited in the Salon of 1880, Joan is shown receiving her revelation in her parents garden. Behind her are Saints Michael, Margaret, and Catherine. (Caption next to painting in The Metropolitan)†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jules Bastien-Lepage creates a realistic atmosphere, including a supernatural, religious-like presence within his painting. Oil on canvas was used to create the realistic quality of the work. By closely examining the artist’s technique, it is clear that he uses delicate brush strokes in a true to life manner. The colors, and use of light seem to be painted in a layered fashion to give the landscape a sense of depth. The background of the painting is a garden which include foliage and brush that surrounds the primary focus of the painting, Joan of Arc. The artist put a great effort into the details of the scene. Bastien-Lepage uses a distinct realistic quality in his painting which is visible in each individual leaf and branch. Various hues of earth tones, green and brown being the most evident, are blended together in the garden scene.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In...

Relationship Between Machbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay

Throughout the play Macbeth, there is an ongoing relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Right away you pick up that Lady Macbeth is a very cold controlling person, while her husband is very naive and weak. The relationship these two share is as what most people would see as unhealthy. There are never any agreements, there is never any reasoning, it’s one way, Lady Macbeth’s way, and that’s it. This is one of the biggest factors as to why all these tragedies happened. She sparked Macbeth’s dark side, she brought it out of him and as the play progresses, you see how Macbeth is out of control and how Lady Macbeth loses all her power over him. The roles become reversed and it leads to one big mess spiralling out of control. Macbeth, once a meek, loyal man is influenced by his cold, cruel wife and from there, tragedy strikes. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, you can see right away is not a good one. She is the type of person who has to have it her way. She is making Macbeth live the life she wants. When the three witches foresee him becoming King of Scotland, Lady Macbeth doesn’t even question if he will achieve it or whether to try, she orders him to be it saying â€Å"Shalt be thou art promised† (Macbeth 1, V). Besides her always taunting and ordering Macbeth, you never see any affection between the two. You never hear them acting like a normal married couple. It seems as if they are just two people with the label of husband and wife. They can never just have a normal conversation, it’s always orders and arguments. Macbeth never wants to let down or disappoint her, it’s almost like he is scared of her. This relationship is what causes the tragedies. Lady Macbeth has a huge influence on Macbeth. Their relationship has to be the engine that sparked all the deaths. It starts off by Lady Macbeth ordering him to kill King Duncan, the King of Scotland. She first taunts him by saying â€Å"It is too full o’th’milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way† (Macbeth 1, V). This shows how cold Lady Macbeth is, as milk is the food of a new born child, she implies Macbeth is too much like a kind child to murder anyone, which is a method used to spur Macbeth on into killing the King. When Macbeth finally finds the courage to tell her he doesn’t want to kill, she shuts him down instantly. She goes â€Å"And live a coward in thine own esteem† (Macbeth, 1, VVI). This is a huge insult to Macbeth, and this is what finalizes his decision to kill King Duncan. You can see how she starts rubbing off on him when he says â€Å"False face must hide what the false heart doth know† (Macbeth 1, VVI). As the play continues, Lady Macbeth is constantly telling Macbeth what has to be done. Killing after killing, she is in his ear about what to do next. Eventually, Macbeth has no more control over his darkness and you quickly see things start to change. Once Macbeth started getting more confident by his killings, he realized he was gaining more and more power, and his ambition grew stronger and out of control. You start to see his and Lady Macbeth’s relationship change. Lady Macbeth starts feeling guilty in act three. â€Å"Tis safer to be that which we destroy, than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy† (Macbeth 3, II), this shows she realizes that getting what you want doesn’t bring peace. Despite the fact that both are feeling guilty, Lady Macbeth tries to remain strong in front of Macbeth â€Å"Things with without all remedy should be without regard: what’s done is done†. This shows Lady Macbeth again telling Macbeth that the murder has happened and that he should get over it, as nothing can be done to change it. There is however a hint of remorse in Lady Macbeth’s voice, showing how she is losing her power over Macbeth, mainly because she is finding it hard to get over her guilt. It happens once again when Macbeth shouts out â€Å"O, full of scorpions is my mind, dear wife† (Macbeth, 3, II). This is where we understand Macbeth cannot let go, he has to now take the matter of murder into his own hands. As the scenes go by, you see Macbeth making his own decisions. He starts killing firstly without conscience or guilt, and secondly, without Lady Macbeth’s consent. He stop telling her his plans and when Lady Macbeth hears word of her husband’s actions, she is overwhelmed with guilt and commits suicide. When he finds out about this, he shrugs off her death, he felt more guilty about the killing of the King, a person he hardly even knew, than the death of his wife, the woman he believed to have loved. This proves that one, either Macbeth was in too deep with his evil side at this point, he showed no remorse, or two, he didn’t really love his wife, another point proving their unhealthy relationship. Perhaps it is Lady Macbeth’s cold hearted ways that have taught Macbeth not to care, perhaps if there was no Lady Macbeth, Macbeth would still be the man he started off as. Every person has a dark side amongst themself, it’s just a matter of how you contain it. By the end of the play we see how the relationship has deteriorated to such a state Macbeth loses all emotions. He no longer cares who the person is, who will be affected by their murder, or if they deserve to die or not, if there is the possibility of them coming in the way of Macbeth and his dream, they are dead. Macbeth no longer has the fear of getting caught either. He believes he is invincible, that he can do anything. This just goes to show how much one person can have such a huge impact on your life and how the right amount of taunting and nagging mixed with a whole lot of ambition creates a very dangerous, deadly mix.

A Letter To Myself

What about family? Hope you're all well and you have a handsome husband – military officer, caring about you and your children. And you have two kids: a son – footballer and a daughter – ballerina. If not, do not worry! Whole life Is ahead, because you Just have got your dream Job and going to get a second degree. And have you learned the most beautiful language In the world? For so many years It Is quite possible . And If you still have not vaulted France, I'll be very disappointed!It's our dreams what about other places? Rome or Madrid? New Zealand? If not, run and pack your suitcases' If you've got all these things done, then you can be proud of yourself! Now, put before yourself other goals, dream a lot and strive to it! And most importantly, never lose hope! All in all, you only live once, and you should try to experience everything in life: to try to achieve something, to conquer the top, test yourself, your character, strength of will and spirit.I believe that you've done it, or to no end, you'll do it! Hope you have a great future. I love you z)) Take care, From the Real You.. Takes a lot of time and efforts. That's why it is very important to have a good teacher. I am very grateful to my English teacher – Easel Montanan, who was also our curator on the first course. The door opened and pleasant woman with kind smile entered the classroom. She greeted the students and introduced herself to us. It was the first time when we met her.We were studying on the first course when our first acquaintance with Easel Montanan happened. I remember my first impression of meeting with her. When our teacher looked around us silently, with smile on her face, I had a feeling that she could penetrate the soul of every student. Easel Montanan is a competent and professional teacher. She has a good command of the English language. From lesson to lesson we have improved our knowledge, have earn more and more new words, grammar structures and put t hem into practice of speaking.She patiently corrected our mistakes and explained us everything, what we could not understand. Our lessons sometimes were full of fun. She always looked perfectly, and we never saw her face being angry or unfriendly. She helped us to develop our intellect, our attitudes to life and to other people. I thank her for that. No matter how many teachers we had through our life, we will always remember them and all the good things which they made for us. We were lucky to have such a nice teacher as Easel Montanan. Thank her very much.

Hook the Mouse to Catch Events Outside an Application

Hook the Mouse to Catch Events Outside an Application Learn how to track the mouse activity even when your Delphi application is not active, sits in the tray or does not have any UI at all. By installing a system-wide (or global) mouse hook you can monitor what the user is doing with the mouse and act accordingly. What Is a Hook and How Does It Work? In short, a hook is a (callback) function you can create as part of a DLL (dynamic link library) or your application to monitor the goings on inside the Windows operating system.There are 2 types of hooks - global and local. A local hook monitors things happening only for a specific program (or thread). A global hook monitors the entire system (all threads). To create a global hook you need 2 projects, 1 to make the executable file and 1 to make a DLL containing the hook procedure. Our article on working with keyboard hooks from Delphi explains how to intercept the keyboard input for controls that cannot receive the input focus (like TImage). Hooking the Mouse By design, the movement of the mouse is restricted by the size of your desktop screen (including the Windows Task Bar). When you move the mouse to the left/right/top/bottom edge, the mouse will stop - as expected (if you do not have more that one monitor). Heres an idea for the system-wide mouse hook: If for example, you want to move the mouse to the right side of the screen when it moves toward the left edge (and touches it), you might write a global mouse hook to reposition the mouse pointer. You start by creating a dynamic link library project. The DLL should export two methods: HookMouse and UnHookMouse. The HookMouse procedure calls the SetWindowsHookEx API passing the WH_MOUSE for the first parameter - thus installing a hook procedure that monitors mouse messages. One of the parameters to the SetWindowsHookEx is your callback function Windows will call when there is a mouse message to be processed: SetWindowsHookEx(WH_MOUSE, HookProc, HInstance,0) ; The last parameter (value 0) in the SetWindowsHookEx defines we are registering a global hook. The HookProc parses the mouse related messages and sends a custom message (MouseHookMessage) to our test project: function HookProc(nCode: Integer; MsgID: WParam; Data: LParam): LResult; stdcall;var   Ã‚   mousePoint: TPoint;   Ã‚   notifyTestForm : boolean;   Ã‚   MouseDirection : TMouseDirection; begin   Ã‚   mousePoint : PMouseHookStruct(Data)^.pt;   Ã‚   notifyTestForm : false;   Ã‚   if (mousePoint.X 0) then   Ã‚   begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Windows.SetCursorPos(-2 Screen.Width, mousePoint.y) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   notifyTestForm : true;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MouseDirection : mdRight;   Ã‚   end;....  Ã‚   if notifyTestForm then   Ã‚   begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PostMessage(FindWindow(TMainHookTestForm, nil), MouseHookMessage, MsgID, Integer(MouseDirection)) ;   Ã‚   end;  Ã‚   Result : CallNextHookEx(Hook,nCode,MsgID,Data) ;end; Tip: Read the Win32 SDK Help files to find out about the PMouseHookStruct record and the signature of the HookProc function. Note: A hook function does not need to send anything anywhere - the PostMessage call is used only to indicate that the DLL can communicate with the outer world. Mouse Hook "Listener" The MouseHookMessage message is posted to your test project - a form named TMainHookTestForm. Youll override the WndProc method to get the message and act as needed: procedure TMainHookTestForm.WndProc(var Message: TMessage) ;begin   Ã‚   inherited WndProc(Message) ;  Ã‚   if Message.Msg HookCommon.MouseHookMessage then   Ã‚   begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   //implementation found in the accompanying code   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Signal(TMouseDirection(Message.LParam)) ;   Ã‚   end;end; Of course, when the form is created (OnCreate) you call the HookMouse procedure from the DLL, when it gets closed (OnDestroy) you call the UnHookMouse procedure. Note: Hooks tend to slow down the system because they increase the amount of processing the system must perform for each message. You should install a hook only when necessary, and remove it as soon as possible.

The Use of Listing in Composition

The Use of Listing in Composition In composition, listing is a discovery (or prewriting) strategy in which the writer develops a list of words and phrases, images and ideas. The list may be ordered or unordered. Listing can help overcome writers block and lead to the discovery, focusing, and development of a topic. In developing a list, observes Ronald T. Kellogg, [s]pecific relations to previous or subsequent ideas may or may not be noted. The order in which the ideas are placed in the list can reflect, sometimes after several attempts to build the list, the order needed for the text (The Psychology of Writing, 1994). How to Use Listing Listing is probably the simplest prewriting strategy and is usually the first method writers use to generate ideas. Listing means exactly what the name implies- listing your ideas and experiences. First set a time limit for this activity; 5-10 minutes is more than enough. Then write down as many ideas as you can without stopping to analyze any of them. . . . After you have generated your list of topics, review the list and pick one item that you might like to write about. Now youre ready for the next listing; this time, create a topic-specific list in which you write down as many ideas as you can about the one topic you have selected. This list will help you look for a focus for your...paragraph. Dont stop to analyze any of the ideas. Your goal is to free your mind, so dont worry if you feel youre rambling.(Luis Nazario, Deborah Borchers, and William Lewis, Bridges to Better Writing. Wadsworth, 2010) Example Like brainstorming, listing involves the unmonitored generation of words, phrases, and ideas. Listing offers another way of producing concepts and sources for further thought, exploration, and speculation. Listing is distinct from freewriting and brainstorming in that students generate only words and phrases, which can be classified and organized, if only in a sketchy way. Consider the case of a postsecondary academic ESL writing course in which students are first asked to develop a topic related to modern college life and then to compose a letter or editorial piece on the subject. One of the broad topics that emerged in freewriting and brainstorming sessions was The Benefits and Challenges of Being a College Student. This simple stimulus generated the following list: Benefitsindependenceliving away from homefreedom to come and golearning responsibilitynew friendsChallengesfinancial and social responsibilitiespaying billsmanaging timemaking new friendspracticing good study habits The items in this preliminary list overlap considerably. Nonetheless, such a list can offer students concrete ideas for narrowing a broad topic to a manageable scope and for selecting a meaningful direction for their writing. (Dana Ferris and John Hedgcock, Teaching ESL Composition: Purpose, Process, and Practice, 2nd ed.Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005) An Observation Chart A type of list that seems especially appropriate for poetry writing instruction is the observation chart, in which the writer makes five columns (one for each of the five senses) and lists all the sensory images associated with the topic. Composition instructor Ed Reynolds [in Confidence in Writing, 1991] writes: Its columns force you to pay attention to all of your senses, so it can help you do a more thorough, specific observation. We are accustomed to relying on our sight, but smells, tastes, sounds, and touch can sometimes give us more important information about a subject. (Tom C. Hunley, Teaching Poetry Writing: A Five-Canon Approach. Multilingual Matters, 2007) Pre-Writing Strategies ExpeditioList, Listicle, and SeriesOutline

TOO LONG WILL EMAIL TO U Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TOO LONG WILL EMAIL TO U - Assignment Example To be more explicit: life in Berlin and life in Poland. So settings might seem off as the writer of this paper has concentrated on Berlin and Auschwitz though they are interchanged in the book. The family characters are explained as if they hadn't left Berlin. Once they are in "OutWith", they each go through a major change in life. Bruno, a nine year old boy who knows nothing of the outside world, is the main character of the story. He has the quality of always telling the truth, being sincere, respecting adults, and never interrupting. His one goal in life is to be an explorer. This will be significant towards the end of the story. A parallel can be drawn from his life in Berlin, that he is a little soldier, he does as he is told without questioning why. He does not think, he just does. "Just settle into your new home and be good, that's all I ask. Accept the situation in which you find yourself and everything will be so much easier." (p53) His father is talking to him about his new house but his father could be any father in the camp talking to his child: the futility of the situation. A common idea goes through the book. Bruno is not happy to be leaving their house. His mother explains "Your father's job, you know how important it is don't you?' (p 3) Father is a very important man because the '"Fury" has something very important in mind for him.' (p 5,p50,) Bruno is not allowed in his office and must always follow orders. He is never touched or hugged. When father is given the new uniform, and is to be called Commandant, he becomes even more important and distant. He makes Bruno salute him as he raised without any physical contact. 'This is my important work. Important to the Fury.' (p 48) They were to stay in OutWith for the foreseable future. Mother spends her time supporting her husband's career. She entertains soldiers and even has the pleasure (sarcasm) of having a party for the "Fury" and the "Blond Lady". She is kind to the children and tries to expl ain that they should be proud of their father for all the work he does for the country. Little and little the reader sees how she doesn't like the fanatism of her husband. "Pavel, if the commandant asks who cleaned up Bruno's wound, we will say I did it" (p 85) Gretel is his sister who is two years older. She is the "Hopeless Case". Her personality in Berlin is a young adolescent who still likes playing with dolls. In their new home. When she walks in on Bruno and Maria, she shows a sign of being jealous and treats Maria with disrespect by dictating that she draws her a bath. "Why can't you draw yourself a bath? Because she is the maid and that is what she is here for.(p 82) She develops into a cold and heartless 13 year old who studies the movement of the German troops across Europe. Of all the characters she rapidly becomes a Nazi. Gretel is upset about having come to Auschwitz. She is lonely and the reader sees her playing with her dolls. In making friends with Lieutenant Kotler, she pretends she is older than she is and the Lieutenant becomes interested in her. When he loses interest, and she finds she has nothing to do, she gets rid of her dolls and starts analysing the German European advances by putting up map all across her room. Do her dolls

Case Study 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study 1 - Essay Example The Nissan Motors Co., Ltd, operates in the retail automotive industry. Its core business is the manufacturing, sales and distribution of automotive products and marine related equipment and parts. The company is also involved in provision of financial and other support services in the motor industry. According to the 2012 financial report, the company had an annual sales turnover of  ¥9,409.0 billion (Nissan Motor Co., Ltd, 2012: P6). The Nissan Company Ltd has played a significant role in the general Indonesian economy. The company employs approximately 157,365 full-time employees annually in its global market with 10% coming from Indonesia. The company has also contributed significantly to the automotive industry, which accounts for 48% of the national GDP of Indonesian economy (Nissan Motor Co., Ltd, 2012: p13). Planning is very important for the lantern success of the company. According to the 2012 financial report, Nissan Company has identified various issues that call for strategic interventions. The company is operating under a mid-term plan termed as â€Å"NISSAN POWER 88† in the financial year 2011 to 2016. Under this plan, the company hopes to improve customer-driving experience, improve the power of the Nissan Brand and ultimately raise the quality of the Nissan car. With this plan, the company hopes to increase its share in the global market and also raise its operating income (Nissan Motor Co., Ltd, 2012: p17). In order to achieve this short-term plan, the Nissan Company has identified a number of strategies and tactics identified below: The company has established strategic alliances and partnership with other companies. The most successful alliance has been with Renault Company; this alliance was established in the year 1999. The other key strategic alliance was with Daimler AG Company that was established with the intension of sharing production technology (Interbrand, 2013:

Schein's Three Cultures of Management and Kouzes and Mico's Domain Essay

Schein's Three Cultures of Management and Kouzes and Mico's Domain Theory - Essay Example The learned theories have then been set into practice and have resulted to positive success as well as negatives failures depending on the individual theories and the ways they get implemented. Among the most renowned and well governing theories are the Schein’s Three Cultures of Management and Kouzes and Mico’s Domain Theory. The two theories exhibit particular similarities concerning the rightful proposals of how the managerial and leadership issues ought to be handled to achieve success of the individual organizations. However, the two theories also have some points of differences that call for careful analysis of the theories by an individual consulting leader before finalizing on particular decisions. Schein’s Three Cultures of Management According to Schein (1996, p.3), a typical organization has to be founded on the basis of three cultures of management including the operator, engineering and executive cultures of management. These cultures have to been in corporated and made to be dependent on each other in order to attain a more comprehensive and complete organizational management. The success or failure of the individual organization then depends on the manner in which the three cultures of management are linked up and run (Schein1996, p.3). ... hat operator culture within organizations enable and empower individual workers opportunities to innovate ideas that are fundamental to survival of the individual organization. In that respect principles of operator culture allows individual workers to operate in disregard to rules set to run particular organizations when certain conditions prevail. While operating complex activities and unanticipated occurrences, operator culture brings workers together by creating interdependency to formulate adaptable strategies for teamwork to accomplish the impending task. Schein (1996, p.13) however indicates that operator culture is often met with rules especially in the case of unpredictable conditions. Schein (1996, p.13) points out that the simmering problem with the operators is that they understand well that for job to be well done then they must involve innovation and personal skills in solving problems as not set out in the rules. However, this becomes difficult due to lack of incentive or managerial support defined to compensate such efforts. The result of such speculations is operators’ subversion of the true and more practical strategies to rely on the set rules. In the observation of Schein (1996, p.15), executive culture mainly applies to the individual CEOs who get promoted to the rank after passing through other levels of organizational management. The executive culture is mainly focused on the maintaining and ensuring adaptable financial health of the individual organization. As outlined by Schein (1996:13), there occurs difference in role between the CEO appointed from among the founders or family heading the organization and the promoted CEO. The former type of CEO exercises broader focus and assumptions in the organization while the later type of CEO focuses

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay Business process management is important for both existing and new businesses. BPM is also known as Business Process Reengineering. It is a set of inter-related tasks that help companies maximize their present business processes and cope with future operational and organizational changes. An efficient business process saves and makes money for an organization. Workflow, in its very basic sense, is an implementation of the answers to the questions that arise in a business process. Workflow answers the questions, who? What? And When? in a business process. It is the movement of documents or tasks through a work process. Business process workflow management is an essential element in organizing a variety of business tasks and processes so that the business can be benefited as a whole. Workflow management systems range from the basic activities of a business to thousands of complex features. Workflow management helps business managers perform a lot of varying functions depending on the needs of the organization. Different businesses have different workflow management needs to perform varied functions for them. Some businesses need workflow management for organizing data available on the net; some need them for managing various business transactions whereas some need them for organizing and segregating all the documents of an enterprise. Workflow management is helpful to all kinds of business irrespective of their size. It helps them define and spot various processes that will help increase efficiency in the long run. Business process workflow management helps to define, create, execute and manage various processes within the organization itself and enhance business-to-business transactions to maximize productivity. It facilitates changes in the enterprise that are needed for its betterment and maximization of output and profits in the minimum time possible. It also helps an organization in spotting existing inefficiencies by keeping a constant check on their employees productivity. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT JOURNALS Business process management is implemented to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of an enterprise by automating its business processes. The key factor involved in choosing a BPM solution is to choose one that will fit the organization in all situations, as conditions governing a business tend to change with fluctuations in market conditions. It is not feasible for an organization to change its BPM as and when situations change. Business re-engineering can mean serious trouble especially when applied by people who do not understand it. There are examples of thousands of organizations that were running into losses but subsequently, achieved remarkable profits due to well-managed BPM projects. The key to the success of these companies lay in applying BPM to their key business processes. Business process management journals play a key role in making businessmen aware of the prevailing business conditions and how to adapt to these changes by applying the right re-engineering and pro cess change projects. BPM journals are the premium channel for beginners, practitioners and researchers to acquire leading edge information related to current developments in BPM concepts, practices, tools and technologies. It is a helping aid for students studying BPM related areas and consultants who assist organizations in managing processes. They also provide useful articles that focus on quality and relevance. BPM journals provide information about developing business process management programs. They carry articles on a number of business activities that affect business efficiency and effectiveness. It provides information on integration and management of various activities that help in having an edge over the competitors. Occasionally, there exists a gap in understanding how to drive efficiency through a BPM approach even though one knows how to manage the various transactions. BPM journals help understanding the various BPM functions and helps filling up the gaps for true business performance. Some BPM journals provide insights into best practice management of key processes. These journals maintain a constant up date of all advancements made in the business field and illustrating the practical applicability of these through various case studies and examples. They also provide tips on how to manage business processes most effectively. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE SOLUTION Business process management focuses on the automation and standardization of existing and future business processes. BPM is the key to maximizing an organizations revenue, quality and respond to customers needs in real time by reducing business process problems. BPM tools and techniques have been steadily gaining in popularity and use in many companies. In todays global business environment, the need for automation of various business processes, continuous innovation and flexibility is turning many enterprises to go for BPM. BPM software helps in understanding and simplifying the complex process of business management. It helps in recognizing the various sources of inefficiencies in a company. There are a few key factors that have to be kept in mind while selecting BPM software. One of these factors is the extent of technical support provided by the vendor. To avoid any technical hassles at a later stage, it is essential to speak with the customer care center of the software company before choosing the BPM software solution. This should be done considering the needs and requirements of the business. BPM software that fits in with a companys business needs to be determined before choosing a BPM software solution. The same software does not suit all kinds of businesses. Familiarity with the software installed is of utmost importance. Sufficient time should be given to this activity of getting trained in using the software. BPM software with features that are not used is an absolute waste of resources and time because the main purpose of BPM software is using minimum time and money and maximizing profit in the long run. Several magazines and reviews are available online to give valuable information regarding BPM software solutions. BPM software offers advantages of flexibility and cost savings across all fields of business and ease of use in the business world today. The objective should be to ensure quick return on investment and potential for long-term growth. A GUIDE TO BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT Business Process Management (BPM) helps an organization in adapting to changing conditions in the market place so as to remain competitive. BPM is also known as Business Process Reengineering. A well designed BPM system can help an enterprise run efficiently and effectively, move according to the companys regulations, and spot inefficiencies in the business activities and bottlenecks to the smooth flow of work. BPM systems help in recognizing certain situations that may pose trouble in the future. They enhance the overall quality and quantity of the various services and products being provided by the organization. BPM can be extremely useful to employees and top managers of an enterprise. It assists the top executives in monitoring business activities and employee productivity. It is helpful to the employees as it reduces their working hours. It also helps an organization in abiding by the governmental rules and regulations set for the business world. A good BPM helps an organization in avoiding the mistakes it has made in the past. It helps in business-to-business transactions. There are a lot of BPM guides available which can direct an enterprise towards the right choice of BPM so that it can make maximum use of all the benefits of BPM. These guides help in understanding various BPM systems that can be employed according to the needs and requirements of different companies. It shows how maximum profits can be obtained out of limited resources. The changing situation of business is the key factor to be considered while choosing a BPM system. BPM system should be useful in all situations, which affect the business. This is because the system cannot be changed as when the market conditions change. The efficiency of the company would be adversely affected if BPM systems were not changed in accordance with changing circumstances. BPM technologies increase an enterprises potential to offer quality services to its valued customers at the least cost. .

The Immaturity of Professor Higgins in Pygmalion :: George Bernard Shaw Pygmalion Essays

The Immaturity of Professor Higgins in Pygmalion Professor Higgins is seen throughout Pygmalion as a very rude man. While one may expect a well educated man, such as Higgins, to be a gentleman, he is far from it. Higgins believes that how you treated someone is not important, as long as you treat everyone equally. The great secret, Eliza, is not having bad manners or good manners or any other particular sort of manners, but having the same manner for all human souls: in short, behaving as if you were in Heaven, where there are no third- class carriages, and one soul is as good as another. -Higgins, Act V Pygmalion. Higgins presents this theory to Eliza, in hope of justifying his treatment of her. This theory would be fine IF Higgins himself lived by it. Henry Higgins, however, lives by a variety of variations of this philosophy. It is easily seen how Higgins follows this theory. He is consistently rude towards Eliza, Mrs. Pearce, and his mother. His manner is the same to each of them, in accordance to his philosophy. However the Higgins we see at the parties and in good times with Pickering is well mannered. This apparent discrepancy between Higgins' actions and his word, may not exist, depending on the interpretation of this theory. There are two possible translations of Higgins' philosophy. It can be viewed as treating everyone the same all of the time or treating everyone equally at a particular time. It is obvious that Higgins does not treat everyone equally all of the time, as witnessed by his actions when he is in "one of his states" (as Mrs. Higgins' parlor maid calls it). The Higgins that we see in Mrs. Higgins' parlor is not the same Higgins we see at the parties. When in "the state" Henry Higgins wanders aimlessly around the parlor, irrationally moving from chair to chair, highly unlike the calm Professor Higgins we see at the ball. Higgins does not believe that a person should have the same manner towards everyone all of the time, but that a person should treat everyone equally at a given time (or in a certain situation). When he is in "one of those states" his manner is the

Method of Teaching

EFFECTIVE TEACHING METHODS AT HIGHER EDUCATION LEVEL Dr. Shahida Sajjad Assistant Professor Department of Special Education University of Karachi. Pakistan ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of various teaching methods used for teaching students at graduate level. Two hundred and twenty undergraduate students studying in 11 departments of Faculty of Arts, University of Karachi, were interviewed about their perceptions of best and effective teaching methods and the reason for that. Most of the students rated lecture method as the best teaching method.Reasons included; teacher provides all knowledge related to topic, time saving, students attentively listen lecture and take notes etc. The group discussion was rated as the second best method of teaching because of; more participation of students, the learning is more effective, the students don’t have to rely on rote learning, and this method develops creativity among students etc. Students†™ perception and ratings about the interesting and effective teaching methods is a way to suggest improvements in teaching/ learning process.Introduction: Teaching and learning are the two sides of a coin. The most accepted criterion for measuring good teaching is the amount of student learning that occurs. There are consistently high correlations between students’ ratings of the â€Å"amount learned† in the course and their overall ratings of the teacher and the course. Those who learned more gave their teachers higher ratings (Cohen, 1981; Theall and Franklin, 2001). This same criterion was also put forth by Thomas Angelo, when he said; â€Å"teaching in the absence of learning is just talking. Doyle. T. (n. d. ). A teacher’s effectiveness is again about student learning. The literature on teaching is crammed full of well researched ways that teachers can present content and skills that will enhance the opportunities for students to learn. It is equally fil led with suggestions of what not to do in the classroom. However, there is no rule book on which teaching methods match up best to which skills and/or content that is 1 2 being taught. Students often have little expertise in knowing if the ethod selected by an individual instructor was the best teaching method or just â€Å"a method† or simply the method with which the teacher was most comfortable. Doyle. T. (n. d). â€Å"Research indicates that students are the most qualified sources to report on the extent to which the learning experience was productive, informative, satisfying, or worthwhile. While opinions on these matters are not direct measures of instructor or course effectiveness, they are legitimate indicators of student satisfaction, and there is substantial research linking student satisfaction to effective teaching (Theall and Franklin, 2001). A meta-analysis of 41 research studies provides the strongest evidence for the validity of student ratings since these st udies investigated the relationship between student ratings and student learning. Doyle. T. (n. d. ) quoted Ory â€Å"The use of students’ ratings for evaluating teacher effectiveness is the single most researched issue in all of higher education. Over 2000 articles and books have been written on this topic over the past 70 years†.Research on student evaluation of teaching generally concludes that student ratings tend to be reliable, valid, relatively unbiased and useful (Murray, 1994). Most universities embrace a process by which students provide anonymous feedback at the end of each course they complete. These ratings of instructor effectiveness, these ratings have been a hot topic since they were first employed in mid 1920’s (Chang, 2001) and they create an enormous challenge for nearly every institution that uses them (Hoyt & Pallett, 1999).Over the years student evaluation of instructors has changed significantly especially in the areas of the purpose and m ethodology. They have transformed from being primarily used to assist students in the selection of courses, to helping faculty members further develop and improve their teaching skills, to assisting administrators with respect to personnel decisions (Ory, 2000). Today, student ratings of instruction are widely used for the purpose of making personnel decisions and faculty development recommendations (Scriven, 1995).For administrators, the information derived from ratings aids them in making both summative and formative judgments dealing with faculty retention, tenure, and promotion, hiring, selecting faculty for teaching awards and honors, and in assigning teachers to courses (Franklin, 2001; Kulik, 2001). Braskamp (2000) suggests that instructors use the data formatively to develop and improve their teaching effectiveness. Student-ratings are in 2 3 fact used in over 90 percent of all colleges and universities in the United States and represent the most frequently used strategy for evaluating instructors and courses (Cuseo, n. . ). There is much debate within the higher education community on how teaching or teaching effectiveness may be defined (Braskamp, and Ory; 1994). For instance, Centra (1993), defines effective teaching as â€Å"that which produces beneficial and purposeful student learning through the use of appropriate procedures† (p. 42), Braskamp and Ory, (1994, p. 40) include both teaching and learning in their definition, defining effective teaching as the â€Å"creation of situations in which appropriate learning occurs; shaping those situations is what successful teachers have learned to do effectively†.Many researchers have focused on whether or not students are legitimate judges of teaching effectiveness. Though caveats abound, the general sense is that students are both rational and reliable sources of evidence (Arreola, 1995; Braskamp & Ory, 1994; Pratt, 1997), While in class, students are exposed to all sorts of instructional experiences (lectures, instructional materials and aids, readings, exams). They are in effect experimental consumers—able to discern quality, relevance, usefulness, and instructor interaction with students (Montgomery, n. . ). As consumers, Cuseo (n. d. ) claims that students can judge what is taught and how it is taught, yet Braskamp & Ory (1994) claim that students can only provide information with respect to teaching. However, Ory (2001, p. 12) sums it up best stating: â€Å"unless they haven’t been to class, as consumers they have a legitimate voice†. Theall, M. (n. d. ) mentioned that the students can answer questions about the quality of lectures, the value of readings and assignments, the clarity of the instructor's explanations.Students are certainly qualified to express their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the experience. They have a right to express their opinions in any case, and no one else can report the extent to which the experience was use ful, productive, informative, satisfying, or worthwhile. Methodology Eleven departments were selected through purposive sampling from the Faculty of Arts, University of Karachi, including epartment of ; Special Education, Psychology, Social Work, Sociology, Mass Communication, Education, International Relations, English, Urdu, Persian, and Islamic learning. Twenty students studying at graduate level 3 4 from each department were selected through convenient sampling to seek their opinion about the most effective teaching methods (as perceived by them) used by their teachers, and the reasons for highly rating a particular teaching method.Total two hundred and twenty students were interviewed. They were asked to rate different methods of teaching used by their teachers on a scale of 1- 5, one being the least important and 5 being the most important teaching method. The results of the study were compiled and analyzed by percentage method. Objectives of the Study: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ To find out the various teaching methods used by university teachers to teach graduate students in different departments of Faculty of Arts.To explore the opinion of students about the teaching method they perceived as the most interesting and best teaching method. To find out the reasons for perceiving any teaching method as the interesting and best method. To provide suggestions for improving quality of teaching in the light of students perception and use of ratings Findings: Most of the students rated lecture method as the best teaching method. Reasons included; teacher provides all knowledge related to topic, it is time saving method; students listen lecture attentively and take notes etc.The group discussion was rated as the second best method of teaching because of; more participation of students, the learning is more effective, the students don’t have to rely on rote learning, and this method develops creativity among students etc. Students’ perception and ratings about the interesting and effective teaching methods is a way to suggest improvements in teaching/ learning process I. Rating of Various Teaching Methods: Rating was done on a scale of 1-5, 1 – being the least interesting and 5 being the most interesting teaching method as indicated in table 1. Teaching methodsRating No of 4 students 5 Table 1 1 N Lecture Group discussion Individual presentation Assignments Seminars Workshop Conferences Brainstorming Role play Case study 53 18 52 25 26 27 25 34 24% 08% 22% 11% 12% 12% 11% 16% 44 53 54 54 53 34 54 20% 24% 25% 25% 24% 16% 25% 26 12% 89 40% 34 16% 53 24% 53 24% 54 25% 27 12% 53 24% 53 24% 34 16% 54 25% 53 24% 35 16% 80 36% 80 36% 52 23% 44 20% 26 12% 26 12% 35 16% 53 24% 25 11% 34 16% 54 25% 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 34 34 % 16% 16% N 18 18 2 % 08% 08% N 00 3 % 00% N 4 % N 80 36 % 34 16% 5 % 220 220 88 40% 80 36% Total 54 24% 27 12% II.Reasons for rating various teaching methods as interesting and best teaching methods: 1. Lecture Method †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ It creates new ideas. It is good for large class. Teacher is experienced and has mastery on subject, explain all points and can answer all questions raised by students. Students can ask if they need any clarification. Learn through listening Teacher explains all points. Students give their input Teacher discuss whole topic in the class in easy language so students can easily understand the topic. It is good for large class. Teacher provides all knowledge related to topic.Time saving as teacher is supposed to finish lecture in time. Students give their views at the end of lecture. 5 6 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Students can ask question if they have any problem to understand lecture. Students attentively listen lecture and take notes as the teacher ask questions at the end of lecture. Students know and understand basic concepts. It creates new ideas. Teacher knows all the students so he/she can use suitable strategies for the class to make them understand. Teacher is experienced and has mastery on subject and can answer all questions by students.Teacher share information with students so it creates interest in students. Students are more involved and participate when teacher ask question. Teacher provides notes. Students easily understand every point. Students share knowledge with teacher. Teacher is role model for students. More participation of students. Students listen to other’s opinion ; express their opinion. Discuss with teachers the points that were missed during discussion. Students learn on their own ; find out key points. Students exchange their ideas. Students get point of view of all and not only those who always speak.After discussion when students give their presentation, teacher corrects their mistakes. Students can make their own notes. The learning is more effective. 2. Group discussion: 6 7 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ They don’t have to rely on rote learning. Develops creativity among students. It evokes thinking among students. Students have time for preparation of topic. Students should have material and knowledge before discussion. Suggestion Only those students participate who have confidence rest do not participate. Concepts become clear after discussion. Every student gives his/ her opinion. 3.Individual presentation †¢ Hamm (2008) quoted Rafe; â€Å"A presentation involves motivating listeners to accept a new idea, alter an existing opinion, or act on a given premise. † †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Students first thoroughly understand the topic before giving presentation i. e. mastery on topic. It increases confidence among students. Good way to learn for only one student who is presenting. Students search lot of books to collect material Teacher’s supervision is important It enhances the ability of research on any topic as the students search topic from different books, websites etc.Active learning Give Chance to meet other people of same profession. Motivate and make student active in learning. Interested method. Give Chance to meet other people of same profession. 5. Seminars 4. Assignment 6. Workshops 7 8 7. Conferences †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Give Chance to meet other people of same profession. Networking with other institutions and professionals. More interesting More informative Gain knowledge Learning is effective More participation of students Students give their opinion Active learning Creative thinking is encouraged. Students think beyond their knowledge.Every one gets the chance to express their thoughts. Simple topics can be learnt through different angles. Interesting method Creative thinking is encouraged. Students think beyond their knowledge. Students enjoy the situation Active learning Easy to learn Active learning Creative thinking is encouraged. Students think beyond their knowledge. 8. Brain storming 9. Role play 10. Case study Discussion: Making teaching methods more interesting 8 9 Higher education faculty strives to become more effective teachers so that students can learn better, and many explore methods to improve their teaching practice.Depending on the nature of subject, number of students, and the facilities available, there are different methods teachers are using in the classroom. Below are given various methods and certain tips and techniques for improving these methods. (Sajjad, S. 1997) Lecture Method: A lecture is a talk or verbal presentation given by a lecturer, trainer or speaker to an audience. With all the advancement of training systems and computer technology, lecture method is still a backbone widely used in teaching and training at higher level of education.This method is economical, can be used for a large number of students, material can be covered in a structured manner and the teacher has a great control of time and material. A study conducted by Benson, L. , Schroeder, P. , Lantz, C. , and Bird, M (n. d. ). provides evidence that students may place greater emphasis on lecture material than on textbooks. Lecturing is not simply a matter of standing in front of a class and reciting what you know. The classroom lecture is a special form of communication in which voice, gesture, movement, facial expression, and eye contact can either complement or detract from the content. Davis. 1993). McCarthy, P. (1992) in article â€Å"Common Teaching Methods† stated strengths of lecture method that it presents factual material in direct, logical manner, contains experienc e which inspires, stimulates thinking to open discussion, and useful for large groups. Our findings also revealed that most of the students considered lecture as best method because according to opinion of students ; it creates new ideas, it is good for large class, develops creativity among students, teacher is experienced and has mastery on subject, explain all points and can answer all questions by students.Sullivan ; McIntosh (1996) said that with planning and effective presentation techniques, the lecture can be a highly effective and interactive method for transferring knowledge to students. Lecture gives the pupils training in listening and taking rapid notes. (Kochhar. 2000, p. 345) Tips and techniques for improving lecture method †¢ Lecture material should be stimulating and thought provoking. 9 10 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Information should be delivered dramatically by using example to make it memorable. The teacher needs to use questions throughout the lecture to involve students in the learning process and to check their comprehension.Reinforce learning by using visual supports like transparencies, flip charts, whiteboard/ black board etc. Teacher should take feedback of students to improve lecture method. Discussion: It is a free verbal exchange of ideas between group members or teacher and students. For effective discussion the students should have prior knowledge and information about the topic to be discussed. McCarthy, P. (1992) stated strengths of class discussion as; pools ideas and experiences from group, and allows everyone to participate in an active process. Kochhar (2000, p. 47) stated that; a problem, an issue, a situation in which there is a difference of opinion, is suitable for discussion method of teaching. Our study also revealed that the students rated group discussion (class discussion) as the second best method by giving reasons that; it has more participation of students, the learning is more effective, the student s don’t have to rely on rote learning, every student give his/ her opinion, and this method develops creativity among students. Tips and techniques for improving discussion method †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The teacher should spend sufficient time in preparing the process and steps of discussion.Different aspects of the topic and the parameters should be selected for the focused discussion. Sufficient time should be allotted to discuss all the issues. At the same time students should know the time limit to reach a conclusion. The teacher in the beginning should introduce the topic, the purpose of discussion, and the students participating in discussion. Before the start of discussion, background information about the topic should be provided. There is a need to include questions to provide direction. Relaxed environment should be created to foster the process of discussion. 10 1 †¢ †¢ †¢ Teacher after opening the discussion should p lay the role of a facilitator involving every one and at the end should summarize the discussion. Encourage students listen other’s point of view and then evaluate their own. Teacher should give value to all students’ opinions and try not to allow his/her own difference of opinion, prevent communication and debate. Role Play: Role play occurs when participants take on differentiated roles in a simulation. These may be highly prescribed, including biographical details, and even personality, attitudes and beliefs; or loosely indicated by an outline of the function or task.These techniques have already demonstrated their applicability to a wide range of learners, subjects and levels. (Singh, and Sudarshan, 2005, p 238, 239). It is a memorable and enjoyable learning method. To gain maximum benefits from this method, the incidents selected for enactment should be as realistic as the situation allows. Tips and techniques Before the role play, the teacher should brief partici pants about the roles they will play, give them time for preparation, confirm confidentiality of role play, and ask participants to behave naturally. †¢ †¢ Teacher should select ; brief observers about their roles.During the role play, the teacher must keep quiet, listen ; take notes, avoid cutting role play short, but give time warning if previously agreed. The teacher should be prepared for some action if participants dry up and can intervene as a last resort. †¢ After the role play, the teacher thanks participants, ask for feed back from lead participants, take comments from observers, ask other participants to comment, †¢ The teacher should use role names not those of participants, summarize, drawing out learning points, leaving the participants with positive comments and feelings.Case Study: Primarily developed in business and law contexts, case method teaching can be productively used in liberal arts, engineering, and education. This method is basically use d to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills, as well as to 11 12 present students with real-life situations. The students are presented with a record set of circumstances based on actual event or an imaginary situation and they are asked: 1. to diagnose particular problem(s) only. 2. to diagnose problem(s) ; provide solution(s). 3. o give reasons ; implications of action after providing both problem ; solution. It is a time consuming method and sometimes the case does not actually provide real experience. It could be in-conclusive, and insufficient information can lead to inappropriate results. At the end, the students want to know the right answer by the teacher. The role of the teacher in conducting the case study should be to: †¢ †¢ †¢ read the case and determine the key problems faced by the decision maker, determine the data required to analyze the problems and or a synthesis into solutions, develop, analyze, and compare alternative solutions, and r ecommend a course of action. Tips and techniques †¢ †¢ Cases should be brief, well-written, reflect real issues, and open to a number of conflicting responses. Students should work in group to prepare a written report and/or a formal presentation of the case. Brainstorming: It is a loosely structured form of discussion for generating ideas without participants embroiled in unproductive analysis. It is a very useful technique for problem solving, decision making, creative thinking and team building.It develops listening skills. Tips and techniques Ground rules for running brainstorming session include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ There should be no criticism and the wild ideas should be encouraged and recorded without evaluation. Emphasis should be placed on quantity of ideas and not the quality. There is a need of equal participation of members. It can be unfocused so teacher should know how to control discussion and facilitate issues. 12 13 †¢ It works well in sm all group Assignment method: Written assignments help in organization of knowledge, assimilation of facts and better preparation of examinations.It emphasizes on individual pupil work and the method that helps both teaching and learning processes (Kochhar, 2000, p. 358). Tips and techniques †¢ †¢ Teacher should describe the parameters of the topic of assignment. Fully explain assignments so that students know how to best prepare. When the inevitable question, â€Å"Will we be tested on this? † arises, make sure your answer includes not only a â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no,† but a â€Å"because . . . â€Å". Shea, A. (2009). †¢ Davis (1993) suggests that â€Å"Give assignments and exams that recognize students' diverse backgrounds and special interests.For example, a faculty member teaching a course on medical and health training offered students a variety of topics for their term papers, including one on alternative healing belief systems. A faculty m ember in the social sciences gave students an assignment asking them to compare female-only, male-only, and male-female work groups. † Recommendations: †¢ To evaluate teaching effectiveness different methods can be used including: peer review, self-evaluation, teaching portfolios, student achievement and students’ ratings of teaching methods used by their teachers. †¢ †¢ †¢ Students must be assured that the information they are giving is welcomed by the faculty and will be used to improve the teaching and learning in the course; otherwise they are unlikely to take the rating process seriously (Doyle. T. n. d. ). Teachers need to educate students in effective ways of giving precise feedback that addresses specific aspects of their learning experience. Teachers need to continually assure students throughout the semester that the ratings will be used for productive changes in teaching/ learning process and that there will be no chance of retribution to the students.